
Classics
17. Bibliographies
Quick points:- The purpose of a bibliography is for your reader to be able to locate your source as easily as possible.
- Your bibliography should come on a separate page at the end of your text.
- You must list, in the bibliography, every book you cite, whether you quote from it directly or just take ideas from it. This is important. You need to acknowledge others' ideas as well as their words. For example: Bembo himself appears in a piece of literature by Castiglione (Kraye, 1988).
- List primary and secondary sources separately.
- List both primary and secondary sources in alphabetical order, by author surname (or simply author name, if the author has only one, e.g. Herodotus, Homer, Virgil, Xenophon).
- Leave a space between each bibliographical entry.
We prefer the Harvard, or author/date system, as it is simpler to use than many other referencing systems. Here are the guidelines for your bibliography, with examples of books, journals, papers in collected volumes of essays and on-line resources. For more information about the Harvard system, this website is helpful:
http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf
You'll find instructions for author/date in-text referencing in the section titled 'Referencing within your text'.
How to cite sources in your bibliography:
Primary sources:
- Name of author
- Title of work in italics
- Translator(s) name
- Volume no.
- Edition no.
- (Name of publisher, and date in brackets)
Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. de Selincourt (Harmondsworth, 1988)
work in an anthology:
Sophocles, Antigone, in D. Grene & Lattimore (trans.) Greek Tragedies, volume 1, 2nd edition (Chicago, 1992)
Secondary sources
Book - not all books will require all these bits of information.
- Author(s) (Surname(s), Initials) - if more than three authors, list the first, then write et al. (not italicised). Always put a full stop after al. It stands for 'and others' (in Latin 'et alii').
- or Editor(s) (include the abbreviation (ed.) or (eds.) after the surname(s)
- (year of publication in brackets)
- Title of book in italics.
- Edition of book if appropriate.
- Place of publication followed by a colon:
- Publishers name(s).
- Author(s)
- (year)
- 'Title of article in inverted commas'
- Title of journal in italics.
- Volume No.
- Issue No. or month of publications
- Pages that the article spans, using p. for one page, or pp. for many, or just a colon.
(N.B. Italicise book titles wherever they appear. CQ is an accepted abbreviation for Classical Quarterly.)
Paper in volume of collected essays - choose the information relevant to the source
- author(s)
- (date)
- 'Title of essay in inverted commas'
- in name of editor(s)
- Title of collection in italics
- (Place of publication)
- Page span of essay
Lendon, J.E. (2000) 'Homeric Vengeance and the Outbreak of Greek Wars' in H. van Wees (ed.) War and Violence in Ancient Greece (London), 1-30
On-line resources: list as appropriate, remembering that the point of a bibliography is for a reader to be able to find your source easily.
- author(s) or if no author, the sponsoring organisation, e.g. BBC
- (date)
- Title of article in italics
- full url unless over a line long, then give the essentials (i.e. main page)
- date visited
Task | Task Type | Difficulty |
---|---|---|
Task 1 | Free text | More Challenging |
Task 2 | Free text | Moderate |
Task 3 | Free text | More Challenging |
Task 4 | Free text | Moderate |
Task 5 | Free text | Easier |
Task 6 | Multiple choice | Easier |
Task 7 | Multiple choice | Easier |
Task 8 | Multiple choice | Moderate |